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The Time Course of Syntactic Activation During Language Processing: A Model Based on Neuropsycholog ical and Neurophysiolog ical Data: Brain and Language, Vol. 50, No. 3. (September 1995), pp. 259-281.This paper presents a model describing the temporal and neurotopologic al structure of syntactic processes during comprehension. It postulates three distinct phases of language comprehension, two of which are primarily syntactic in nature. During the first phase the parser assigns the initial syntactic structure on the basis of word category information. These early structural processes are assumed to be subserved by the anterior parts of the left hemisphere, as event-related brain potentials show this area to be maximally activated when phrase structure violations are processed and as circumscribed lesions in this area lead to an impairment of the on-line structural assignment. During the second phase lexical-semant ic and verb-argument structure information is processed. This phase is neurophysiolog ically manifest in a negative component in the event-related brain potential around 400 ms after stimulus onset which is distributed over the left and right temporo-pariet al areas when lexical-semant ic information is processed and over left anterior areas when verb-argument structure information is processed. During the third phase the parser tries to map the initial syntactic structure onto the available lexical-semant ic and verb-argument structure information. In case of an unsuccessful match between the two types of information reanalyses may become necessary. These processes of structural reanalysis are correlated with a centroparietal ly distributed late positive component in the event-related brain potential. The different temporal and topographical patterns of the event-related brain potential. as well as some aspects of aphasics' comprehension behavior are taken to support the view that these different processing phases are distinct and that the left anterior cortex, in particular, is responsible for the on-line assignment of syntactic structure.AD Friederici

Source: Brain and Language, Vol. 50, No. 3. (September 1995), pp. 259-281.
Towards a neural basis of auditory sentence processing: Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 2. (01 February 2002), pp. 78-84.Function al dissociations within the neural basis of auditory sentence processing are difficult to specify because phonological, syntactic and semantic information are all involved when sentences are perceived. In this review I argue that sentence processing is supported by a temporo-fronta l network. Within this network, temporal regions subserve aspects of identification and frontal regions the building of syntactic and semantic relations. Temporal analyses of brain activation within this network support syntax-first models because they reveal that building of syntactic structure precedes semantic processes and that these interact only during a later stage.Angela Friederici

Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 2. (01 February 2002), pp. 78-84.
Cell Breathing in Wireless LANs: Algorithms and Evaluation: Mobile Computing, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 6, No. 2. (2007), pp. 164-178.Wirele ss LAN administrators often have to deal with the problem of sporadic client congestion in popular locations within the network. Existing approaches that relieve congestion by balancing the traffic load are encumbered by the modifications that are required to both access points and clients. We propose cell breathing, a well-known concept in cellular telephony, as a load balancing mechanism to handle client congestion in a wireless LAN. We develop power management algorithms for controlling the coverage of access points to handle dynamic changes in client workloads. We further incorporate hand-off costs and manufacturer specified power level constraints into our algorithms. Our approach does not require modification to clients or to the standard. It only changes the transmission power of beacon packets and does not change the transmission power of data packets to avoid the interactions with auto-rating. We analyze the worst-case bounds of the algorithms and show that they are either optimal or close to optimal. In addition, we evaluate our algorithms empirically using synthetic and real wireless LAN traces. Our results show that cell breathing significantly outperforms the commonly used fixed power scheme and performs at par with sophisticated load balancing schemes that require changes to both the client and access pointsP Bahl, MT Hajiaghayi, K Jain, SV Mirrokni, L Qiu, A Saberi

Source: Mobile Computing, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 6, No. 2. (2007), pp. 164-178.
Newton's Telecom Dictionary: This book is the official dictionary of Telecommunicat ions, the Internet, Computer Telephony, Voice Processing, Windows Networking, Data Communications , Carrier Telephony, The Intelligent Network, LAN, WAN, and Wireless Communications . This book is designed for people that are trying to keep up with technology. All concepts are explained in non-technical terms. Written by a telecommunicat ions expert.Harry Newton
Resilient Overlay Networks: (2001), pp. 131-145.A Resilient Overlay Network (RON) is an architecture that allows distributed Internet applications to detect and recover from path outages and periods of degraded performance within several seconds, improving over today's wide-area routing protocols that take at least several minutes to recover. A RON is an application-la yer overlay on top of the existing Internet routing substrate. The RON nodes monitor the functioning and quality of the Internet paths among themselves, and use this...David Andersen, Hari Balakrishnan, Frans Kaashoek, Robert Morris

Source: (2001), pp. 131-145.
Evolution of the Wireless PAN and LAN standards: Computer Standards & Interfaces, Vol. 26, No. 3. (May 2004), pp. 175-185.In the forthcoming fourth-generat ion (4G) all-IP mobile communications era, apart from the cellular/mobil e networks, Wireless Personal Area Networks (PANs) and Local Area Network (LAN) are expected to fulfil the "anywhere and anytime" ubiquitous services' requirement. Users will request forming "ad hoc" personal area networks to enable personal devices to autonomously inter-communic ate, while Wireless LANs will enable communication with colleagues at work, at conferences, at "hot spots", at home, or on the move. In parallel, advanced sensor devices of the surrounding environment will recognize the user and provide for added value services. In order to achieve this, open standard interfaces and interoperabili ty between devices and manufacturers are mandatory. In this paper, we describe the most important, mature Wireless PAN and LAN standards, and introduce some evolving new standards.Th Zahariadis

Source: Computer Standards & Interfaces, Vol. 26, No. 3. (May 2004), pp. 175-185.
Header Detection to Improve Multimedia Quality Over Wireless Networks: IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol. 9, No. 2. (February 2007), pp. 377-385.Wirele ss multimedia studies have revealed that forward error correction (FEC) on corrupted packets yields better bandwidth utilization and lower delay than retransmission s. To facilitate FEC-based recovery, corrupted packets should not be dropped so that maximum number of packets is relayed to a wireless receiver's FEC decoder. Previous studies proposed to mitigate wireless packet drops by a partial checksum that ignored payload errors. Such schemes require modifications to both transmitters and receivers, and incur packet-losses due to header errors. In this paper, we introduce a receiver-based scheme which uses the history of active multimedia sessions to detect transmitted values of corrupted packet headers, thereby improving wireless multimedia throughput. Header detection is posed as the decision-theor etic problem of multihypothesi s detection of known parameters in noise. Performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated using trace-driven video simulations on an 802.11b local area network. We show that header detection with application layer FEC provides significant throughput and video quality improvements over the conventional UDP/IP/802.11 protocol stackSyed Khayam, Shirish Karande, Muhammad Ilyas, Hayder Radha

Source: IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol. 9, No. 2. (February 2007), pp. 377-385.
Event-related potentials suggest early interaction between syntax and semantics during on-line sentence comprehension.: Neurosci Lett (12 May 2005)Event-rel ated potentials (ERPs) were used to investigate interaction between syntactic parsing and semantic integration processes during a visual sentence comprehension task. The linguistic stimuli were Finnish five-word sentences containing morphosyntacti c and/or semantic violations. Single morphosyntacti c violations evoked left anterior negativity (LAN) and P600 components. Single semantic violations elicited a robust N400 effect over the left hemisphere. A later and weaker N400-like response was also observed in the right hemisphere, left-right hemispheric latency difference being 40ms. Combined morphosyntacti c and semantic violations elicited a P600 component and a negative ERP component within the latency range of the LAN and N400 components. Further analysis of these ERP effects provided evidence for early processual interaction between syntax and semantics during on-line sentence comprehension. The hemispheric distribution of the LAN and N400 components was taken to suggest lateralization of initial morphosyntacti c parsing and semantic integration processes to the left hemisphere. In contrast, the later syntax-related P600 component was observed as being more pronounced over the posterior areas of the right hemisphere.Mar ia Palolahti, Sakari Leino, Markus Jokela, Kreetta Kopra, Petri Paavilainen

Source: Neurosci Lett (12 May 2005)
Early components of event-related potentials related to semantic and syntactic processes in the Japanese language.: Brain Topogr, Vol. 14, No. 3. (2002), pp. 169-177.Brain activities were compared between semantic and syntactic processing in the Japanese language using event-related potentials with a 58-ch EEG system. We previously found that semantic violations elicited N400 and syntactic violations elicited P600 but not early left anterior negativity (ELAN) or left anterior negativity (LAN) using a relatively long stimulus presentation time (1 s). In the present study, we adopted a shorter stimulus presentation time (0.5 s), which might impose a heavier burden on the working memory system, to test the possible relevance of load on the working memory system to ELAN/LAN. A global field power analysis showed an increased potential field strength at the latency of 320 ms in either type, as well as those at the later latencies reflecting N400 (556 ms) and P600 (712 ms). Statistical analyses revealed a significant negative deflection in the right frontal region for the semantic type, whereas no significant deflection in either specified region was obtained for the syntactic type at the latency of 320 ms. The lack of ELAN/LAN suggested that it was not due to the deactivation of the working memory system. Moreover, scalp current density topographies implied that the processing of the verbal stimuli was mediated by distinct areas within the left temporal region, according to its semantic congruency with the preceding context at a latency as early as 320 ms. These findings are in line with the dual-route hypothesis of reading, which suggests that the reading of verbal stimuli semantically incongruent with the preceding context is dominated by phonological processes rather than lexico-semanti c.S Takazawa, N Takahashi, K Nakagome, O Kanno, H Hagiwara, H Nakajima, K Itoh, I Koshida

Source: Brain Topogr, Vol. 14, No. 3. (2002), pp. 169-177.
Event-related potential (ERP) responses to violations of inflectional and derivational rules of Finnish.: Brain research, Vol. 1218 (7 July 2008), pp. 181-193.Event- related potentials (ERP) were used to investigate the electrophysiol ogical correlates of inflectional and derivational morphology. The participants were presented with visual sentences containing critical words in which either inflectional, derivational or both rules (combined violation) of Finnish were violated. Inflectional anomalies violated a number agreement of a noun with a previous auxiliary word. Derivational violations included a word-internal selectional restriction violation, i.e., a root and suffix category violation. Combined violations contained both a number and a category violation. The phonemic length of the critical words was controlled. Inflectional violations elicited a bilateral negative effect in the 450-550 ms time window, which was interpreted as an anterior negativity (AN) effect. Inflectional violations also elicited a late positivity (P600) effect. Derivational violations elicited an N400-like negativity effect, followed by the P600 effect. The P600 effects in the derivational and inflectional violation conditions summated linearly in the combined violation condition. The results are discussed with respect to the hypothesis that inflectional and derivational processes are independent and elicited in parallel in the online language comprehension. A Leinonen, P Brattico, M Järvenpää, CM Krause

Source: Brain research, Vol. 1218 (7 July 2008), pp. 181-193.

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